Optical second-order nonlinearity of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 precipitated via surface crystallization

Second-harmonic generation of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 crystalline phase was investigated using Maker fringe method. When 15BaO . 15TiO(2) . 70TeO(2) glass was heat-treated at 415 degrees C for 0.5-12 h, (101)- or (110)-oriented BaTiO3 crystals precipitated in the near-surface region. The resultant glass-ceramics exhibit second-harmonic generation. Variation of second-harmonic intensity with angle of incidence, i.e., the Maker fringe pattern changes drastically with an increase in heat treatment time and temperature. No second-harmonic signal was detected in glass-ceramics derived from 15SrO . 15TiO2 . 70TeO2 glass. These facts suggest that BaTiO3 crystal is responsible for the second-order nonlinear phenomenon, although its structure is closer to cubic than tetragonal according to x-ray diffraction measurements. In order to estimate second-order nonlinear optical coefficient d((2)), Maker fringe patterns of the BaTiO3-containing glass-ceramics were analyzed. For the glass-ceramic after heat treatment for 0.5 h, d(33) and thickness of BaTiO3-crystallized layer, L, are 3.65 pm/V and 3.43 mu m, respectively. The value of second-order nonlinear optical coefficient is comparable to those of BaTiO3 films prepared via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and pulsed-laser deposition. On the other hand, the glass-ceramic heat-treated for 12 h exhibits d(15) = 0.31pm/V and L = 300 mu m. The thickness of the layer active in second-order nonlinearity evaluated from the Maker fringe pattern is coincident with the observation by scanning electron microscopy.