Coalescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes and formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under high-temperature treatments

Electric arc-discharge single-wall carbon nanotubes are annealed between 1600 and 2800 T under argon flow. Their stability and evolution are studied by coupling TEM, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The first modifications appear at 1800 degreesC with a significant decrease of the crystalline order. It is due to SWNTs coalescence leading to smaller bundles but with an increase of the tube diameters from 2 to 4 nm. From 2200 T, SWNTs progressively disappear to the benefit of MWNTs having at first two to three carbon layers then reaching 7 nm external diameter. The possible mechanisms responsible for the SWNTs coalescence and instability and their transformation in MWNTs are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.