A novel C/EBP beta-YY1 complex controls the cell-type-specific activity of the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region

The human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) upstream regulatory region (URR) controls viral gene transcription in a cell-type-specific manner. The HPV-18 URR is active in HeLa cells but inactive in HepG2 cells. The activating activity of Wt in HeLa cells is dependent on its functional interactions with the switch region which is critical for the HPV-18 URR activity in HeLa cells. Here, we show that a protein complex composed of C/EBP beta and YY1 binds the switch region which is detected only in HeLa cells, not in HepG2 cells. Transfection of C/EBP beta into HepG2 cells restored the formation of the C/EBP beta-YY1-switch region complex, accompanied by increased transcription directed by the HPV-18 URR. Mutations in the switch region that abolished the complex formation also abrogated C/EBP beta-induced transcriptional activation. This provides a strong correlation between the binding of the C/EBP beta-YY1 complex to the switch region and cell-type-specific URR activity. Taken together, we have identified a novel C/EBP beta-YY1 complex that binds the switch region and contributes to cell-type-specific HPV-18 URR activity.