How good is MRI at detecting and characterising cancer within the prostate?

Objectives: As well as detecting prostate cancer, it is becoming increasingly important to estimate its location, size and grade. We aim to summarise current data on the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this setting. Methods: Literature review of original research correlating MRI and histologic appearances. Results: Estimates of the sensitivity of MRI for the detection of cancer vary widely depending on method of analysis used and the definition of significant disease. Recent estimates using T2-weighted sequences and endorectal coils vary from 60% to 96%. Several groups have convincingly shown that dynamic contrast enhancement and spectroscopy each improve detection and that the sensitivity of MRI is comparable to and may exceed that of transrectal biopsy. Specificity is not yet good enough to consider the use of MRI in screening. High-grade and large tumours are detected significantly more often with both T2 sequences and spectroscopy. Estimation of size is improved by dynamic contrast and spectroscopy, but errors of > 25% are common. Conclusions: The sensitivity of MRI has improved to the point,that it has potential in several new areas: targeting of biopsies, monitoring of disease burden both during active surveillance and after focal therapy, and exclusion of cancer in patients with a raised prostate-specific antigen level. (c) 2006 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.