Effect of anion-exchange membrane surface properties on mechanisms of overlimiting mass transfer

Four effects providing overlimiting current transfer in ion-exchange membrane systems are examined. Two of them are related to water splitting: the appearance of additional current carriers (H+ and OH- ions) and exaltation effect. Two others are due to coupled convection partially destroying the diffusion boundary layer: gravitational convection and electroconvection. Three anion-exchange membranes, which differ in surface morphology and the nature of ion-exchange sites within a surface layer, are examined. The ion transfer across these membranes in NaCl solutions is studied by voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and pH-metry. By excluding the effects of water splitting and gravitational convection, it is shown that the main mechanism of overlimiting mass transfer in narrow membrane cells at low salt concentrations is electroconvection. The reasons explaining why water splitting suppresses electroconvection are discussed. The scenario of development of potential oscillations with growing current and time is compared with that described theoretically by Rubinstein and Zaltzman.