Enzymatic synthesis of complex glycosaminotrioses and study of their molecular recognition by hevein domains

Hevein, a protein found in Hevea brasiliensis, has a CRD domain, which is known to bind chitin and GlcNAc-containing oligosaccharides. By using NMR and molecular modeling as major tools we have demonstrated that trisaccharides containing GalNAc and ManNAc residues are also recognized by hevein domains. Thus far unknown trisaccharides GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) ManNAc (1) and GalNAcbeta(1-->4) GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) ManNAc (2) were synthesized with the use of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Aspergillus oryzae. This method is based on the rather unique phenomenon that some fungal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases cannot hydrolyze disaccharide GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) ManNAc (5) contrary to chitobiose GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) GlcNAc (4) that is cleaved and, therefore, cannot be used as an acceptor for further transglycosylation. Both trisaccharides 1 and 2 were prepared by transglycosylation from disaccharidic acceptor 5 in good yields ranging from 35% to 40%. Our observations strongly indicate that the present nature of the modi. cations of chitotriose (GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) GlcNAcbeta(1-->4) GlcNAc, 3) at either the non-reducing end (GalNAc instead of GlcNAc) or at the reducing end (ManNAc instead of GlcNAc) do not modify the mode of binding of the trisaccharide to hevein. The association constant values indicate that chitotriose (3) binding is better than that of 1 and 2, and that the binding of 1 (with ManNAc at the reducing end) is favored with respect to that of 2 (with ManNAc at the reducing end with a non-reducing GalNAc moiety).