Examining the influence of changing laser pulse repetition frequencies on conifer forest canopy returns

The distribution of laser pulses within conifer forest trees and canopies are examined by varying the rate of laser pulse emission and the inherent laser pulse properties (laser pulse energy, pulse width, pulse length, and roll-over or trigger time). In this study, an Optech, Inc. ALTM 3100 airborne lidar is used, emitting pulses at 50 kHz and 100 kHz, allowing for changes in laser pulse characteristics while also keeping all other survey parameters equal. We found that: 1. Pulses and associated characteristics emitted at 50 kHz penetrated further into the canopy than 100 kHz for a significant number of individual trees. 2. At tall tree plots with no understory, pulses emitted at 50 kHz penetrated further into the canopy than 100 kHz for a significant number of plots. 3. For plots with significant understory and shorter trees, pulses emitted at 100 kHz penetrated further into the canopy than 50 kHz. We suspect that this may be due, in part, to canopy openness. Laser pulse energy and character differences associated with different laser pulse emission frequencies are likely a contributing factor in laser pulse penetration through the canopy to the ground surface. Efforts to understand laser pulse character influences on canopy returns are important as biomass and vegetation structure models derived from lidar are increasingly adopted.