Segregation of GM1 and GM3 clusters in the cell membrane depends on the intact actin cytoskeleton

Gangliosides have been implicated in exerting multiple physiological functions, and it is important to understand how their distribution is regulated in the cell membrane. By using freeze-fracture immunolabeling electron microscopy, we showed that GM1 and GM3 make independent clusters that are significantly reduced by cholesterol depletion. In the present study, we examined the effects of actin depolymerization/polymerization and Src-family kinase inhibition on the GM1 and GM3 clusters. Both GM1 and GM3 clustering was reduced when the actin cytoskeleton was perturbed by latrunculin A or jasplakinolide, but the decrease was less significant than that induced by cholesterol depletion. On the other hand, inhibition of Src-family kinases decreased GM3 clustering more drastically than did cholesterol depletion, whereas its effect on GM1 clustering was less significant. GM1 and GM3 were segregated from each other in unperturbed cells, but co-clustering increased significantly after actin depolymerization. Our results indicate that the GM1 and GM3 clusters in the cell membrane are regulated in different ways and that segregation of the two gangliosides depends on the intact actin cytoskeleton. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.