Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2

被引：1152

作者：

Ade, P. A. R. ^{[1
]}

Aikin, R. W. ^{[2
]}

Barkats, D. ^{[3
]}

Benton, S. J. ^{[4
]}

Bischoff, C. A. ^{[5
]}

Bock, J. J. ^{[2
,6
]}

Brevik, J. A. ^{[2
]}

Buder, I. ^{[5
]}

Bullock, E. ^{[7
]}

Dowell, C. D. ^{[6
]}

Duband, L. ^{[8
]}

Filippini, J. P. ^{[2
]}

Fliescher, S. ^{[9
]}

Golwala, S. R. ^{[2
]}

Halpern, M. ^{[10
]}

Hasselfield, M. ^{[10
]}

Hildebrandt, S. R. ^{[2
,6
]}

Hilton, G. C. ^{[11
]}

Hristov, V. V. ^{[2
]}

Irwin, K. D. ^{[11
,12
,13
]}

Karkare, K. S. ^{[5
]}

Kaufman, J. P. ^{[14
]}

Keating, B. G. ^{[14
]}

Kernasovskiy, S. A. ^{[12
]}

Kovac, J. M. ^{[5
]}

Kuo, C. L. ^{[12
,13
]}

Leitch, E. M. ^{[15
]}

Lueker, M. ^{[2
]}

Mason, P. ^{[2
]}

Netterfield, C. B. ^{[4
,16
]}

Nguyen, H. T. ^{[6
]}

O'Brient, R. ^{[6
]}

Ogburn, R. W. ^{[12
,13
]}

Orlando, A. ^{[14
,15
]}

Pryke, C. ^{[7
,9
]}

Reintsema, C. D. ^{[11
]}

Richter, S. ^{[5
]}

Schwarz, R. ^{[9
]}

Sheehy, C. D. ^{[9
,15
]}

Staniszewski, Z. K. ^{[2
,6
]}

Sudiwala, R. V. ^{[1
]}

Teply, G. P. ^{[2
]}

Tolan, J. E. ^{[12
]}

Turner, A. D. ^{[6
]}

Vieregg, A. G. ^{[5
,15
]}

Wong, C. L. ^{[5
]}

Yoon, K. W. ^{[12
,13
]}

机构：

[1] Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, S Glam, Wales

[2] CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[3] Joint ALMA Observ, Santiago, Chile

[4] Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada

[5] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[6] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[7] Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Inst Astrophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[8] CEA, Serv Basses Temp, F-38054 Grenoble, France

[9] Univ Minnesota, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[10] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

[11] NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA

[12] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[13] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA

[14] Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[15] Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[16] Canadian Inst Adv Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada

来源：

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS | 2014年 / 112卷 / 24期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 加拿大创新基金会;

关键词：

MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE SCENARIO; PHASE-TRANSITION; POWER SPECTRUM; GRAVITY-WAVES; ANISOTROPY; CMB; TEMPERATURE; EMISSION;

D O I：

10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101

中图分类号：

O4 [物理学];

学科分类号：

0702 ;

摘要：

We report results from the BICEP2 experiment, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeter specifically designed to search for the signal of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum around l similar to 80. The telescope comprised a 26 cm aperture all-cold refracting optical system equipped with a focal plane of 512 antenna coupled transition edge sensor 150 GHz bolometers each with temperature sensitivity of approximate to 300 mu K-CMB root s. BICEP2 observed from the South Pole for three seasons from 2010 to 2012. A low-foreground region of sky with an effective area of 380 square deg was observed to a depth of 87 nK deg in Stokes Q and U. In this paper we describe the observations, data reduction, maps, simulations, and results. We find an excess of B-mode power over the base lensed-ACDM expectation in the range 30 < l < 150, inconsistent with the null hypothesis at a significance of > 5 sigma. Through jackknife tests and simulations based on detailed calibration measurements we show that systematic contamination is much smaller than the observed excess. Cross correlating against WMAP 23 GHz maps we find that Galactic synchrotron makes a negligible contribution to the observed signal. We also examine a number of available models of polarized dust emission and find that at their default parameter values they predict power similar to(5-10)x smaller than the observed excess signal (with no significant cross-correlation with our maps). However, these models are not sufficiently constrained by external public data to exclude the possibility of dust emission bright enough to explain the entire excess signal. Cross correlating BICEP2 against 100 GHz maps from the BICEP1 experiment, the excess signal is confirmed with 3 sigma significance and its spectral index is found to be consistent with that of the CMB, disfavoring dust at 1.7 sigma. The observed B-mode power spectrum is well fit by a lensed-ACDM + tensor theoretical model with tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.20(-0.05)(+0.07), with r = 0 disfavored at 7.0 sigma. Accounting for the contribution of foreground, dust will shift this value downward by an amount which will be better constrained with upcoming data sets.

引用

页数：25

共 103 条

[41] Detection of B-Mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background with Data from the South Pole Telescope [J].

Hanson, D. ;

Hoover, S. ;

Crites, A. ;

Ade, P. A. R. ;

Aird, K. A. ;

Austermann, J. E. ;

Beall, J. A. ;

Bender, A. N. ;

Benson, B. A. ;

Bleem, L. E. ;

Bock, J. J. ;

Carlstrom, J. E. ;

Chang, C. L. ;

Chiang, H. C. ;

Cho, H-M. ;

Conley, A. ;

Crawford, T. M. ;

de Haan, T. ;

Dobbs, M. A. ;

Everett, W. ;

Gallicchio, J. ;

Gao, J. ;

George, E. M. ;

Halverson, N. W. ;

Harrington, N. ;

Henning, J. W. ;

Hilton, G. C. ;

Holder, G. P. ;

Holzapfel, W. L. ;

Hrubes, J. D. ;

Huang, N. ;

Hubmayr, J. ;

Irwin, K. D. ;

Keisler, R. ;

Knox, L. ;

Lee, A. T. ;

Leitch, E. ;

Li, D. ;

Liang, C. ;

Luong-Van, D. ;

Marsden, G. ;

McMahon, J. J. ;

Mehl, J. ;

Meyer, S. S. ;

Mocanu, L. ;

Montroy, T. E. ;

Natoli, T. ;

Nibarger, J. P. ;

Novosad, V. ;

Padin, S. .

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2013, 111 (14)

[42] MONTE-CARLO SAMPLING METHODS USING MARKOV CHAINS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS [J].

HASTINGS, WK .

BIOMETRIKA, 1970, 57 (01) :97-&

[43]

HAWKING SW, 1982, PHYS LETT B, V115, P295, DOI 10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2

[44] NINE-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER RESULTS [J].

Hinshaw, G. ;

Larson, D. ;

Komatsu, E. ;

Spergel, D. N. ;

Bennett, C. L. ;

Dunkley, J. ;

Nolta, M. R. ;

Halpern, M. ;

Hill, R. S. ;

Odegard, N. ;

Page, L. ;

Smith, K. M. ;

Weiland, J. L. ;

Gold, B. ;

Jarosik, N. ;

Kogut, A. ;

Limon, M. ;

Meyer, S. S. ;

Tucker, G. S. ;

Wollack, E. ;

Wright, E. L. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2013, 208 (02)

[45] Master of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectrum:: A fast method for statistical analysis of large and complex cosmic microwave background data sets [J].

Hivon, E ;

Górski, KM ;

Netterfield, CB ;

Crill, BP ;

Prunet, S ;

Hansen, F .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2002, 567 (01) :2-17

[46] CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGY FROM THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM OF THE 2500 deg2 SPT-SZ SURVEY [J].

Hou, Z. ;

Reichardt, C. L. ;

Story, K. T. ;

Follin, B. ;

Keisler, R. ;

Aird, K. A. ;

Benson, B. A. ;

Bleem, L. E. ;

Carlstrom, J. E. ;

Chang, C. L. ;

Cho, H. -M. ;

Crawford, T. M. ;

Crites, A. T. ;

De Haan, T. ;

De Putter, R. ;

Dobbs, M. A. ;

Dodelson, S. ;

Dudley, J. ;

George, E. M. ;

Halverson, N. W. ;

Holder, G. P. ;

Holzapfel, W. L. ;

Hoover, S. ;

Hrubes, J. D. ;

Joy, M. ;

Knox, L. ;

Lee, A. T. ;

Leitch, E. M. ;

Lueker, M. ;

Luong-Van, D. ;

McMahon, J. J. ;

Mehl, J. ;

Meyer, S. S. ;

Millea, M. ;

Mohr, J. J. ;

Montroy, T. E. ;

Padin, S. ;

Plagge, T. ;

Pryke, C. ;

Ruhl, J. E. ;

Sayre, J. T. ;

Schaffer, K. K. ;

Shaw, L. ;

Shirokoff, E. ;

Spieler, H. G. ;

Staniszewski, Z. ;

Stark, A. A. ;

Van Engelen, A. ;

Vanderlinde, K. ;

Vieira, J. D. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2014, 782 (02)

[47] AN APPLICATION OF ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION CRYOGENIC PARTICLE-DETECTION [J].

IRWIN, KD .

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 1995, 66 (15) :1998-2000

[48] A probe of primordial gravity waves and vorticity [J].

Kamionkowski, M ;

Kosowsky, A ;

Stebbins, A .

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 1997, 78 (11) :2058-2061

[49] Self-calibration of BICEP1 three-year data and constraints on astrophysical polarization rotation [J].

Kaufman, J. P. ;

Miller, N. J. ;

Shimon, M. ;

Barkats, D. ;

Bischoff, C. ;

Buder, I. ;

Keating, B. G. ;

Kovac, J. M. ;

Ade, P. A. R. ;

Aikin, R. ;

Battle, J. O. ;

Bierman, E. M. ;

Bock, J. J. ;

Chiang, H. C. ;

Dowell, C. D. ;

Duband, L. ;

Filippini, J. ;

Hivon, E. F. ;

Holzapfel, W. L. ;

Hristov, V. V. ;

Jones, W. C. ;

Kernasovskiy, S. S. ;

Kuo, C. L. ;

Leitch, E. M. ;

Mason, P. V. ;

Matsumura, T. ;

Nguyen, H. T. ;

Ponthieu, N. ;

Pryke, C. ;

Richter, S. ;

Rocha, G. ;

Sheehy, C. ;

Su, M. ;

Takahashi, Y. D. ;

Tolan, J. E. ;

Yoon, K. W. .

PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 2014, 89 (06)

[50] DYNAMICS OF THE UNIVERSE AND SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY-BREAKING [J].

KAZANAS, D .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 1980, 241 (02) :L59-L63

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →