Modification of Cytochrome c by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal:: Evidence for histidine, lysine, and arginine-aldehyde adducts

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a major secondary product of lipid peroxidation, has been associated with a number of disease states involving oxidative stress. Despite the recognized importance of post-translational modification of proteins by products such as 4HNE, little is known of the modification of cytochrome c by this reagent and its analysis by mass spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical interaction of 4HNE and cytochrome c, a protein essential to cellular respiration, under in vitro conditions. Isoelectric focusing of native and 4HNE-modified cytochrome c using immobilized pH gradient (IpG) strips showed a decrease in the pI of the 4HNE-modified protein suggesting modification of charged amino acids. Reaction of 4HNE with cytochrome c resulted in increases in molecular weight consistent with the addition of four 4HNE residues as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Samples of both native and 4HNE-modified cytochrome c were enzymatically digested and subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF MS. Analysis of these samples using LC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) provided sequence information that was used to determine specific residues to which the aldehyde adducted. Taken together, the data indicated that H33, K87, and R38 were modified by 4HNE. Mapping these results onto the X-ray crystal structure of native cytochrome c suggest that 4HNE adduction to cytochrome c could have significant effects on tertiary structure, electron transport, and ultimately, mitochondrial dysfunction. (C) 2004 American Society for Mass Spectrometry.