Engrailed-1 negatively regulates β-catenin transcriptional activity by destabilizing β-catenin via a glycogen synthase kinase-3β-independent pathway

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a major role in development, and upon deregulation it is implicated in neoplasia. The hallmark of the canonical Wnt signal is the protection of beta-catenin from ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation induced by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 beta inhibition. The stabilized beta-catenin translocates to the nucleus where it binds to T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors, activating the expression of Writ target genes. In the absence of Writ signal, TCF/LEF bind to Groucho (Gro)/TLE corepressors and repress Wnt target genes. Gro/TLE bind also to Engrailed (En) transcription factors mediating En-repressive activity on En target genes. Here, we present data suggesting that En-1 serves also as a negative regulator of beta-catenin transcriptional activity; however, its repressive effect is independent of Gro/TLE. Our data suggest that En-1 acts by destabilizing beta-catenin via a proteasomal degradation pathway that is GSK-3 beta-independent. Moreover, because En-1-mediated beta-catenin degradation is also Siah independent, our data imply that En-1 exerts its repressive effect by a novel mechanism negatively controlling the level of beta-catenin.