The ability of chloroquine to prevent Tat-induced cytokine secretion by monocytes is implicated in its in vivo anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity

Hydroxychloroquine at 1 muM reduces the load of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in patients, whereas chloroquine (CQ) concentrations above 3 muM are required for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exogenous HIV-1 Tat reaches the cytosol of T cells by using low endosomal pH, and endosome neutralization by CQ prevents Tat from entering and affecting T cells. We show here that 0.6 muM CQ inhibits cytokine secretion induced by Tat in monocytes without affecting lipopolysaccharide-triggered cytokine release. This finding suggests that the in vivo anti-HIV-1 effect of CQ results not from a direct effect on the infected cell but rather from the capacity of CQ to prevent Tat from perturbing the cytokine balance.