Proteins from cells of Rhizobium fredii bind to DNA sequences preceding noIX, a flavonoid-inducible nod gene that is not associated with a nod box

Rhizobium fredii strains USDA257 and USDA191 both contain a set of nodulation genes termed nolXWBTUV. In the USDA257 background, nolX prevents infection of soybean cultivars such as McCall, and in both backgrounds, it blocks nodulation of Erythrina spp, We report here that expression of nolX is differentially responsive to a panel of flavonoids, and that the most potent inducers are also the most active inducers of nodC, a conventional, nod box-associated gene, Cell-free protein extracts from uninduced and flavonoid-induced cells of strains USDA191 and USDA257 retard the electrophoretic mobility of DNA sequences that lie upstream of nolX, Binding is dependent both on nodD1 and nodD2, and it is abolished by the presence of a double-stranded, 23-bp oligonucleotide that lies within a 114-bp TaqI/SacII restriction fragment, This oligomer has significant sequence homology to A3, a putative negative regulatory element from R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Deletion of the A3-homologous sequences elevates the basal and flavonoid-inducible expression of nolX by about 50%.