From pedotransfer functions to soil inference systems

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have become a 'white-hot' topic in the area of soil science and environmental research. Most current PTF research focuses only on the development of new functions for predicting soil physical and chemical properties for different geographical areas or soil types while there are also efforts to collate and use the available PTFs. This paper reviews the brief history of the use of pedotransfer functions and discusses types of PTFs that exist. Different approaches to developing PTFs are considered and we suggest some principles for developing and using PTFs. We propose the concept of the soil inference systems (SINFERS), where pedotransfer functions are the knowledge rules for inference engines. A soil inference system takes measurements we more-or-less know with a given level of (un)certainty, and infers data that we do not know with minimal inaccuracy, by means of properly and logically conjoined pedotransfer functions. The soil inference system has a source, an organiser and a predictor. The sources of knowledge to predict soil properties are collections of pedotransfer functions and soil databases. The organiser arranges and categorises the PTFs with respect to their required inputs and the soil types from which they were generated. The inference engine is a collection of logical rules selecting the PTFs with the minimum variance. Uncertainty of the prediction can be assessed using Monte Carlo simulations. The inference system will return the predictions of soil physical and chemical properties with their uncertainties based on the information provided. Uncertainty in the prediction can be quantified in terms of the model uncertainty and input data uncertainty. In order to avoid extrapolation, a method was developed to quantify the degree of belonging of a soil sample within the training set of a PTF. With the first approach to a soil inference system, we can optimally predict various important physical and chemical properties from the information we have utilising PTFs as the knowledge rules. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.