Norovirus Triggered Microbiota-driven Mucosal Inflammation in Interleukin 10-deficient Mice

Background: Infection may trigger clinically overt mucosal inflammation in patients with predisposition for inflammatory bowel disease. However, the impact of particular enteropathogenic microorganisms is ill-defined. In this study, the influence of murine norovirus (MNV) infection on clinical, histopathological, and immunological features of mucosal inflammation in the IL10-deficient (Il10(-/-)) mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease was examined. Methods: C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJBir wild-type and Il10(-/-) mice kept under special pathogen-free conditions and devoid of clinical and histopathological signs of mucosal inflammation were monitored after MNV infection for structural and functional intestinal barrier changes by in situ MNV reverse transcription PCR, transgene reporter gene technology, histology, flux measurements, quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay. In addition, the influence of the enteric microbiota was analyzed in MNV-infected germfree Il10(-/-) mice. Results: Although MNV-infected wild-type mice remained asymptomatic, mucosal inflammation was noted in previously healthy Il10(-/-) mice 2 to 4 weeks after infection. MNV-induced changes in Il10(-/-) mice included increased paracellular permeability indicated by increased mucosal mannitol flux, reduced gene expression of tight junction molecules, and an enhanced rate of epithelial apoptosis. MNV-induced reduction of tight junction protein expression and inflammatory lesions were absent in germfree Il10(-/-) mice, whereas epithelial apoptosis was still observed. Conclusions: Despite its subclinical course in wild-type animals, MNV causes epithelial barrier disruption in Il10(-/-) animals representing a potent colitogenic stimulus that largely depends on the presence of the enteric microbiota. MNV might thus trigger overt clinical disease in individuals with a nonsymptomatic predisposition for inflammatory bowel disease by impairment of the intestinal mucosa.