Effects of Agriculture upon the Air Quality and Climate: Research, Policy, and Regulations

被引:203
作者
Aneja, Viney P. [1 ]
Schlesinger, William H. [2 ]
Erisman, Jan Willem [3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[2] Cary Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA
[3] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Earth Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
[4] Energy Res Ctr Netherlands, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands
关键词
HYDROGEN-SULFIDE EMISSIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHARACTERIZING AMMONIA; NORTH-CAROLINA; ACID GASES; ATMOSPHERE; DEPOSITION; INVENTORY; ABATEMENT; EXCHANGE;
D O I
10.1021/es8024403
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Scientific assessments of agricultural air quality, including estimates of emissions and potential sequestration of greenhouse gases, are an important emerging. area of environmental science that offers significant challenges to policy and regulatory authorities. Improvements are needed in measurements, modeling, emission controls, and farm operation management. Controlling emissions of gases and particulate matter from agriculture is notoriously difficult as this sector affects the most basic need of humans, i.e., food. Current policies combine an inadequate science covering a very disparate range of activities in a complex industry with social and political overlays. Moreover, agricultural emissions derive from both area and point sources. In the United States, agricultural emissions play an important role in several atmospherically mediated processes of environmental and public health concerns. These atmospheric processes affect local and regional environmental quality, including odor, particulate matter (PM) exposure, eutrophication, acidification, exposure to toxics, climate, and pathogens. Agricultural emissions also contribute to the global problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural emissions are variable in space and time and in how they interact within the various processes and media affected. Most important in the U.S. are ammonia (where agriculture accounts for similar to 90% of total emissions), reduced sulfur (unquantified), PM2.5 (similar to 16%), PM10 (similar to 18%), methane (similar to 29%), nitrous oxide (similar to 72%), and odor and emissions of pathogens (both unquantified). Agriculture also consumes fossil fuels for fertilizer production and farm operations, thus emitting carbon dioxide (CO2) oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulates. Current research priorities include the quantification of point and nonpoint sources, the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, reduced sulfur compounds, volatile organic compounds, greenhouse gases, odor and pathogens, the quantification of landscape processes, and the primary and secondary emissions of PM. Given the serious concerns raised regarding the amount and the impacts of agricultural air emissions, policies must be pursued and regulations must be enacted in order to make real progress in reducing these emissions and their associated environmental impacts.
引用
收藏
页码:4234 / 4240
页数:7
相关论文
共 76 条
[21]   Ammonia abatement and its impact on emissions of nitrous oxide and methane - Part 2: application for Europe [J].
Brink, C ;
Kroeze, C ;
Klimont, Z .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2001, 35 (36) :6313-6325
[22]   Ambient hydrogen sulfide, total reduced sulfur, and hospital visits for respiratory diseases in northeast Nebraska, 1998-2000 [J].
Campagna, D ;
Kathman, SJ ;
Pierson, R ;
Inserra, SG ;
Phifer, BL ;
Middleton, DC ;
Zarus, GM ;
White, MC .
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2004, 14 (02) :180-187
[23]   Cost-effective strategies for the abatement of ammonia emissions from European agriculture [J].
Cowell, DA ;
Apsimon, HM .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 1998, 32 (03) :573-580
[24]  
Crutzen P.J., 2008, ATMOS CHEM PHYS, V8, P389, DOI DOI 10.5194/ACPD-7-11191-2007
[25]   Gas exchange between plant canopies and the atmosphere: Case-studies for ammonia [J].
Denmead, O. T. ;
Freney, J. R. ;
Dunin, F. X. .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2008, 42 (14) :3394-3406
[26]   A 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE GLOBAL AMMONIA CYCLE [J].
DENTENER, FJ ;
CRUTZEN, PJ .
JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, 1994, 19 (04) :331-369
[27]  
DONHAM KJ, 1982, J OCCUP ENVIRON MED, V24, P142
[28]   Agricultural air quality in Europe and the future perspectives [J].
Erisman, Jan Willem ;
Bleeker, Albert ;
Hensen, Arjan ;
Vermeulen, Alex .
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2008, 42 (14) :3209-3217
[29]   The Dutch N-cascade in the European perspective [J].
Erisman, JW ;
Domburg, N ;
de Vries, W ;
Kros, H ;
de Haan, B ;
Sanders, K .
SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES, 2005, 48 (Suppl 2) :827-842
[30]   Deposition monitoring networks: what monitoring is required to give reasonable estimates of ammonia/ammonium? [J].
Erisman, JW ;
Hensen, A ;
Mosquera, J ;
Sutton, M ;
Fowler, D .
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 2005, 135 (03) :419-431