Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by a diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrate in the lung that can progress to pulmonary fibrosis with chronic exposure to an inhaled Ag. We previously reported that C57BL/6 mice repeatedly exposed to the ubiquitous microorganism Bacillus subtilis develop mononuclear infiltrates in the lung that contain V gamma 6/V delta 1(+) gamma delta T cells. In the absence of this T cell subset, mice treated with B. subtilis had significantly increased collagen deposition in the lung, suggesting a regulatory role for V gamma 6/V delta 1(+) gamma delta T cells. To further investigate the role of V gamma 6/V delta 1(+) gamma delta T cells in B. subtilis-induced lung fibrosis, we exposed transgenic V gamma 6/V delta 1 mice to this microorganism and found decreased collagen content in the lung compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Cytokine analysis of lung homogenates from wild-type C57BL/6 mice demonstrated increased IL-17A concentrations with repeated exposure to B. subtilis. In the absence of IL-17 receptor signaling, IL-17ra(-/-) mice had delayed clearance of B. subtilis with increased lung inflammation and fibrosis. Although IL-17A was predominantly expressed by V gamma 6/V delta 1(+) T cells, a compensatory increase in IL-17A expression by CD4(+) T cells was seen in the absence of gamma delta T cells that resulted in similar levels of IL-17A in the lungs of TCR delta(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In combination, our data suggest an important role for IL-17A-expressing T lymphocytes, both gamma delta and alpha beta T cells, in eliminating this microorganism that prevents excessive inflammation and eventual lung fibrosis in this murine model of B. subtilis-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 6540-6549.
