Effects of Salmonella assay negative and positive carcinogens on intrachromosomal recombination in G(1)-arrested yeast cells

A wide variety of carcinogens including Ames assay (Salmonella) positive as well as Salmonella-negative carcinogens induce intrachromosomal recombination (DEL recombination) in strain RS112 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been previously shown that the Salmonella-positive carcinogens ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and the Salmonella-negative carcinogens safrole, benzene, thiourea, carbon tetrachloride and urethane induce DEL recombination in G(2)-arrested yeast cells. DEL recombination is preferentially induced by safrole, benzene and carbon tetrachloride in G(2)-arrested cells which might be explained by preferential induction of unequal sister chromatid recombination leading to deletions. To test this, cells of strain RS112 were arrested in the G, phase of the cell cycle, exposed to these carcinogens and the frequencies of DEL and interchromosomal recombination (ICR) were determined. EMS, MMS and 4-NQO induced DEL recombination and ICR in G(2)-arrested cells with a linear dose-response curve. In contrast, the Salmonella-negative carcinogens safrole, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, thiourea and urethane induced DEL recombination and ICR with a threshold below which no significant increase was seen and only at already cytotoxic doses. EMS, MMS and 4-NQO were more recombinagenic in previous, experiments with growing cells than in G(1)-arrested cells. On the other hand, safrole, benzene and carbon tetrachloride were more recombinagenic in G(1)-arrested than in growing cells. Thus, inducibility of DEL recombination in G(1)-arrested cells parallels inducibility in G(2)-arrested cells making it less likely that sister chromatid recombination events might be involved. These data are discussed in terms of the mechanism of induced DEL recombination and the possible biological activities of these carcinogens.