Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins

被引:3526
作者
Raetz, CRH [1 ]
Whitfield, C
机构
[1] Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA
[2] Univ Guelph, Dept Microbiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
关键词
lipid A biosynthesis; Gram-negative bacteria; outer membranes; TLR4; LpxC; MsbA;
D O I
10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid A (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating "core" oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (or C-antigen). Recent genomic data have facilitated study of LPS assembly in diverse Gram-negative bacteria, many of which are human or plant pathogens, and have established the importance of lateral gene transfer in generating structural diversity of O-antigens. Many enzymes of lipid A biosynthesis like LpxC have been validated as targets for development of new antibiotics. Key genes for lipid A biosynthesis have unexpectedly also been found in higher plants, indicating that eukaryotic lipid A-like molecules may exist. Most significant has been the identification of the plasma membrane protein TLR4 as the lipid A signaling receptor of animal cells. TLR4 belongs to a family of innate immunity receptors that possess a large extracellular domain of leucine-rich repeats, a single trans-membrane segment, and a smaller cytoplasmic signaling region that engages the adaptor protein MyD88. The expanding knowledge of TLR4 specificity and its downstream signaling pathways should provide new opportunities for blocking inflammation associated with infection.
引用
收藏
页码:635 / 700
页数:66
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