Calcium microdomains in mitochondria and nucleus

Endomembranes modify the progression of the cytosolic Ca2+ wave and contribute to generate Ca2+ Ca2+ microdomains, both in the cytosol and inside the own organella. The concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol ([Ca2+](C)), the mitochondria ([Ca2+](M)) and the nucleus ([Ca2+](N)) are similar at rest, but may become very different during cell activation. Mitochondria avidly take up Ca2+ from the high [Ca2+](C) microdomains generated during cell activation near Ca2+ channels of the plasma membrane and/or the endomembranes and prevent propagation of the high Ca2+ signal to the bulk cytosol. This shaping of [Ca2+](C) signaling is essential for independent regulation of compartmentalized cell functions. On the other hand, a high [Ca2+](M) signal is generated selectively in the mitochondria close to the active areas, which tunes up respiration to the increased local needs. The progression of the [Ca2+](C) signal to the nucleus may be dampened by mitochondria, the nuclear envelope or higher buffering power inside the nucleoplasm. On the other hand, selective [Ca2+](N) signals could be generated by direct release of stored Ca2+ into the nucleoplasm. Ca2+ release could even be restricted to subnuclear domains. Putative Ca2+ stores include the nuclear envelope, their invaginations inside the nucleoplasm (nucleoplasmic reticulum) and nuclear microvesicles. Inositol trisphosphate, cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate have all been reported to produce release of Ca2+ into the nucleoplasm, but contribution of these mechanisms under physiological conditions is still uncertain. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.