Anti-inflammatory effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes

Objective and design: The fungicidal and bactericidal actions of the essential oil (EO) of Melaleuca alternifolia seem well established, but their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects remain unclear. In this study, we investigated in vitro the possible role of whole M. alternifolia EO as a modulator of the oxidative response, i.e. reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, of leukocytes (monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)) in humans. Methods: Whole blood leukocytes from healthy human volunteers (n = 7), isolated from erythrocytes by haemolytic shock, were incubated for 30 min with M. alternifolia EO (0-0.1%) to determine their ROS production by flow cytometry with or without stimulation of cells. We compared the effects of 3 different stimulating agents acting differently on transductional pathways to stimulate the ROS production: a phorbol ester (PMA), formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and opsonised zymosan (OZ). Results: As attested by the Kruskall-Wallis test, M. alternifolia EO at 0.1% directly stimulated ROS production by PMNs ( X 8.7 vs. 0% EO, p < 0.05) and increased the intracellular ROS produced by monocytes. Whichever the stimulating agent used (PMA, fMLP or OZ), M. alternifolia EO decreased the intracellular ROS production at the dilution of 0.1% by PMNs and monocytes, more so with PMNs. Conclusion: M. alternifolia EO may be both a direct active mediator of the bactericidal action of the circulating leukocytes and may be efficient in protecting the organism from an excess of ROS, through an anti-oxidant and radical scavenging activity.