Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana

1. Relationships between grizzly bears, habitat, and roads were investigated between 1990 and 1994 in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Relationships were examined at three levels of resource selection. 2. Differences existed between habitat and road features within, and those outside, the multi-year composite female grizzly bear home range. Using logistic regression, large resource selection probability functions were obtained for the subalpine zone within multiple-use lands having no roads. Selection probability was zero for private lands and declined as total road density increased. 3. Within seasonal ranges, most grizzly bears favoured low temperate and temperate elevation zones over the subalpine zone during all seasons. Relative to forested habitats, avalanche chutes were positively selected for during all seasons, but especially in spring. Shrub lands and cutting units were important to most bears during summer and autumn. Grizzly bears were more closely associated with higher total road densities during spring than during other seasons. When in low temperate habitats, most bears used habitats with lower total road density than occurred randomly. 4. Seasonal use by grizzly bears of areas within a 0.5 km buffer surrounding roads was evaluated. Most grizzly bears exhibited either neutral or positive selection for buffers surrounding closed roads and roads receiving <10 vehicles per day but avoided buffers surrounding roads having >10 vehicles per day. 5. Between 1988 and 1994, eight grizzly bears were killed by humans. These deaths were directly influenced by road access and unnatural food sources. These deaths, in addition to natural mortality, were too great to promote local population growth.