Salmonellae activate tumor necrosis factor alpha production in a human promonocytic cell line via a released polypeptide

Invasive strains of Salmonella spp. cause both systemic and localized infections in humans. The ability to resist infection and some aspects of the tissue pathology associated with the presence of Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract have been shown to be mediated in part by the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages and lymphocytes. Recent reports indicate that TNF-alpha is involved in the induction of human immunodeficiency virus replication by Salmonella in the latently infected human promonocytic cell line U1. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Salmonella on TNF-alpha production in U1 cells and a related cell line, U38. Unlike Escherichia call or Yersinia enterocolitica, salmonellae rapidly induce TNF-alpha expression in these cells through a released factor(s). Time course experiments show that the kinetics of TNF-alpha production by U38 cells stimulated with Salmonella conditioned medium closely resemble those observed in response to live Salmonella. The observation that TNF-alpha levels are elevated by 60 min after exposure to either bacteria or their conditioned medium suggests that the soluble inducer is continuously released or shed by the bacteria and that the signal acts rapidly to increase TNF-alpha production. Furthermore, the ability to produce the TNF-alpha inducer is shared by at least four Salmonella serotypes and does not correlate with the abilities to invade and to survive within phagocytes. Treatment of active conditioned medium with trypsin, but not low pH, high temperature, or urea, significantly inhibits its TNF-alpha-inducing effect on U38 cells, a finding which points to a polypeptide product of Salmonella as the mediator of TNF-alpha production. Gel filtration chromatography of Salmonella conditioned medium reveals two peaks of activity, consistent with molecular masses of approximately 150 and 110 kDa.