Global economic impacts of climate variability and change during the 20th century

被引:14
作者
Estrada, Francisco [1 ,2 ]
Tol, Richard S. J. [2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ]
Botzen, Wouter J. W. [2 ,7 ]
机构
[1] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Atmosfera, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
[2] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, Amsterdam, Netherlands
[3] Univ Sussex, Dept Econ, Falmer, England
[4] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
[5] Tinbergen Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands
[6] CESifo, Munich, Germany
[7] Univ Utrecht, Utrecht Univ Sch Econ USE, Utrecht, Netherlands
来源
PLOS ONE | 2017年 / 12卷 / 02期
关键词
DAMAGE COSTS; UNCERTAINTY; ADAPTATION; TEMPERATURES; OSCILLATION; WEATHER; MODELS; CMIP5;
D O I
10.1371/journal.pone.0172201
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Estimates of the global economic impacts of observed climate change during the 20th century obtained by applying five impact functions of different integrated assessment models ( IAMs) are separated into their main natural and anthropogenic components. The estimates of the costs that can be attributed to natural variability factors and to the anthropogenic intervention with the climate system in general tend to show that: 1) during the first half of the century, the amplitude of the impacts associated with natural variability is considerably larger than that produced by anthropogenic factors and the effects of natural variability fluctuated between being negative and positive. These non-monotonic impacts are mostly determined by the low-frequency variability and the persistence of the climate system; 2) IAMs do not agree on the sign ( nor on the magnitude) of the impacts of anthropogenic forcing but indicate that they steadily grew over the first part of the century, rapidly accelerated since the mid 1970's, and decelerated during the first decade of the 21st century. This deceleration is accentuated by the existence of interaction effects between natural variability and natural and anthropogenic forcing. The economic impacts of anthropogenic forcing range in the tenths of percentage of the world GDP by the end of the 20th century; 3) the impacts of natural forcing are about one order of magnitude lower than those associated with anthropogenic forcing and are dominated by the solar forcing; 4) the interaction effects between natural and anthropogenic factors can importantly modulate how impacts actually occur, at least for moderate increases in external forcing. Human activities became dominant drivers of the estimated economic impacts at the end of the 20th century, producing larger impacts than those of low-frequency natural variability. Some of the uses and limitations of IAMs are discussed.
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页数:16
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