Small scale field study of an ocean CO2 plume

We have carried out a small-scale (similar to20 1) CO2 sequestration experiment off northern California (684 m depth, similar to5degreesC, background ocean PH similar to7.7) designed as an initial investigation of the effects of physical forcing of the fluid, and the problem of sensing the formation of a low PH plume. The buoyant CO2 was contained in a square frame 1.2 m high, exposing 0.21 m 2 to ocean flow. Two PH electrodes attached to the frame recorded the signal; a second frame placed 1.9 m south of the CO2 Pool was also equipped with two recording PH electrodes. An additional PH electrode was held in the ROV robotic arm to probe the fluid interface. Local water velocities of up to 40 cm sec(-1) were encountered, creating significant eddies within the CO2 box, and forcing wavelets at the fluid interface. This resulted in rapid CO2 dissolution, with all CO2 being depleted in a little more than 2 days. The PH record from the sensor closest (similar to10 cm) to the CO2 showed many spikes of low PH water, the extreme value being similar to5.9. The sensor 1 m immediately below this showed no detectable response. The electrodes placed 1.9 m distant from the source also recorded very small perturbations. The results provide important clues for the design of future experiments for CO2 disposal and biogeochemical impact studies. These include the need for dealing with the slow CO2 hydration kinetics, better understanding of the fluid dynamics of the CO2-water interface, and non-point source release designs to provide more constant, controlled local CO2 enrichments within the experimental area.