Effects of skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of lipophilic drugs

Effects of skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of drugs with high lipophilicity were studied in vitro using rat skin pretreated with and without an esterase inhibitor, diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate [also known as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)]. Without DFP, about 96% of the total penetrated amount appeared as metabolized p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the receptor fluid after application of butylparaben, whereas about 30% penetrated as intact form after application of propylparaben. On the other hand, metabolized p-hydroxybenzoic acid was not detected in the receptor fluid under pretreatment with DFP. DFP significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the total amount that penetrated after application of butylparaben, but it did not significantly affect that of propylparaben. The results indicate that skin metabolism directly affects total amount that penetrated in the case of highly lipophilic drugs, and it was found that the higher metabolic rate to hydrophilic drugs is, the greater the amount that penetrated the skin would be. Thus, when optimal prodrugs are designed for the purpose of enhancing percutaneous penetration, we propose that the bioconversion rate to parent drugs as well as the lipophilicity of prodrugs becomes an important consideration.