Effects of the thermal heterogeneity of the column on chromatographic results

The influence of the thermal heterogeneity of HPLC columns on retention data was investigated. The retention factor of the retained compound phenol was measured at 24 increasing values of the flow rate, from 0.025 to 4.9 mL/min, on six different packing materials prepared with the same batch of silica particles (5 mu m diameter, 90 angstrom pore size). One column was packed with the neat silica particles, another with the silica endcapped with trimethylchlorosilane (TMS)(C-1, 3.92 mu mol/m(2)), and the other four with silica first derivatized with octadecyl-dimethyl-chlorosilane (C-18, 0.42, 1.01. 2.03, and 3.15 mu mol/m(2)), and second endcapped with TMS. Four different sources of heat contributing to raise the column temperature were considered: (1) the heat supplied by the hot high-pressure pump chamber to the solvent; (2) the adiabatic (dS=0) compression of the solvent in the high-pressure pump; (3) the isenthalpic (dH=0) decompression of the solvent during its migration along the porous chromatographic bed; and (4) the heat released by the friction of the solvent percolating through the column bed. The main contributions appear to be the heat supplied to the solvent by the RP pump and the friction heat. The average column temperature (ACT) was indirectly derived from the measurements of the first moment, mu(1), of phenol peak, of the column pressure drop, A P, and of the retention factors of the phenol peak apices as a function of the flow rate applied. If the column is placed in a still-air bath at 298 K (and its temperature is not externally controlled), a longitudinal temperature gradient is established along the column and the average column temperature is about 6 K higher when this column is operated at 4.9 mL/min than when the flow rate is only 0.025 mL/min. If the column is placed in a heated air bath (temperature controlled at 316 or 338 K), the ACT changes by less than 3 K over the whole flow rate range applied. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.