Fine-root turnover patterns and their relationship to root diameter and soil depth in a 14C-labeled hardwood forest

Characterization of turnover times of fine roots is essential to understanding patterns of carbon allocation in plants and describing forest C cycling. We used the rate of decline in the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in a mature hardwood forest, enriched by an inadvertent C-14 pulse, to investigate fine-root turnover and its relationship with fine-root diameter and soil depth. Biomass and Delta C-14 values were determined for fine roots collected during three consecutive winters from four sites, by depth, diameter size classes (< 0.5 or 0.5-2 mm), and live-or-dead status. Live-root pools retained significant C-14 enrichment over 3 yr, demonstrating a mean turnover time on the order of years. However, elevated Delta C-14 values in dead-root pools within 18 months of the pulse indicated an additional component of live roots with short turnover times (months). Our results challenge assumptions of a single live fine-root pool with a unimodal and normal age distribution. Live fine roots < 0.5 mm and those near the surface, especially those in the O horizon, had more rapid turnover than 0.5-2 mm roots and deeper roots, respectively.