Interaction of massive black hole binaries with their stellar environment. I. Ejection of hypervelocity stars

We use full three-body scattering experiments to study the ejection of hypervelocity stars (HVSs) by massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) at the centers of galaxies. Ambient stars drawn from a Maxwellian distribution unbound to the binary are expelled by the gravitational slingshot. Accurate measurements of thermally averaged hardening, mass ejection, and eccentricity growth rates (H, J, and K) for MBHBs in a fixed stellar background are obtained by numerical orbit integration from initial conditions determined by Monte Carlo techniques. Three-body interactions create a subpopulation of HVSs on nearly radial orbits, with a spatial distribution that is initially highly flattened in the inspiral plane of the MBHB, but becomes more isotropic with decreasing binary separation. The degree of anisotropy is smaller for unequal mass binaries and larger for stars with higher kick velocities. Eccentric MBHBs produce a more prominent tail of high-velocity stars and break planar symmetry, ejecting HVSs along a broad jet perpendicular to the semimajor axis. The jet two-sidedness decreases with increasing binary mass ratio, while the jet opening angle increases with decreasing kick velocity and orbital separation. The detection of a numerous population of HVSs in the halo of the Milky Way by the next generation of large astrometric surveys such as Gaia may provide a unique signature of the history, nature, and environment of the MBH at the Galactic center.