P(VDF-TrFE) nanorod assemblies with anisotropic piezoelectric properties investigated by piezoelectric response microscopy

Highly ordered assemblies of the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE) nanorods with anisotropic piezoelectric response were fabricated on different substrates by using a template-free self-organization method. The significant difference in vertical and lateral piezoelectric responses of the nanorods in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) revealed that their molecular dipoles were preferentially oriented parallel to the substrate plane. In addition, dipole orientation distribution map in the nanorods was derived by analyzing the vertical and lateral PFM amplitude and phase images. Infrared reflection spectra further showed that the macromolecular backbones were oriented perpendicularly relative to the substrate. A flat-on lamellar structure and a confined crystallization of dewetted melt phase nanorod formation mechanism were proposed. The highly anisotropic piezoelectric response of the assemblies of nanorods may be promising for nanoscale devices for application in energy harvesting, etc. More importantly, the results demonstrated that self organization could be used for fabricating P(VDF-TrFE) nanostructures by controlling the surface energy of the substrates. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.