Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus

The expansion of premodern humans into western and eastern Europe similar to 40,000 years before the present led to the eventual replacement of the Neanderthals by modern humans similar to 28,000 years ago(1). Here we report the second mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of a Neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly dated Neanderthal remains. The specimen is from one of the eastern-most Neanderthal populations, recovered from Mezmaiskaya Cave in the northern Caucasus(2). Radiocarbon dating estimated the specimen to be similar to 29,000 years old and therefore from one of the latest living Neanderthals(3). The sequence shows 3.48% divergence from the Feldhofer Neanderthal(4). Phylogenetic analysis places the two Neanderthals from the Caucasus and western Germany together in a clade that is distinct from modern humans, suggesting that their mtDNA types have not contributed to the modern human mtDNA pool. Comparison with modern populations provides no evidence for the multiregional hypothesis of modern human evolution.