Fibrinogen-γ C-Terminal Fragments Induce Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction and Microvascular Leak via Integrin-Mediated and RhoA-Dependent Mechanism

Objectives-The purposes of this study were to characterize the direct effect of the C-terminal fragment of fibrinogen gamma chain (gamma C) on microvascular endothelial permeability and to examine its molecular mechanism of action. Methods and Results-Intravital microscopy was performed to measure albumin extravasation in intact mesenteric microvasculature, followed by quantification of hydraulic conductivity in single perfused microvessels. Transendothelial electric resistance was measured in microvascular endothelial cells in combination with immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. The results show that gamma C induced time- and concentration-dependent increases in protein transvascular flux and water permeability and decreases in endothelial barrier function, coupled with Rho GTPase activation, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and stress fiber formation. Depletion of RhoA via siRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of RhoA signaling attenuated gamma C-induced barrier dysfunction. Imaging analyses demonstrated binding of gamma C to endothelial cells; the interaction was inhibited during blockage of the alpha v beta 3 integrin. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that the microvascular leak response to gamma C was attenuated in integrin beta 3(-/-) animals. Conclusion-Fibrinogen-gamma C terminus directly interacts with the microvascular endothelium causing fluid and protein leak. The endothelial response to gamma C involves an integrin receptor-mediated RhoA-dependent signaling pathway that leads to paracellular hyperpermeability. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:394-400.)