Five rules for the evolution of cooperation

被引:3914
作者
Nowak, Martin A. [1 ]
机构
[1] Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolut Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[2] Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1126/science.1133755
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.
引用
收藏
页码:1560 / 1563
页数:4
相关论文
共 69 条
[1]  
Alexander R. D., 1987, BIOL MORAL SYSTEMS
[2]  
[Anonymous], 1998, Evol. Games Popul. Dyn., DOI DOI 10.1017/CBO9781139173179
[3]   THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION [J].
AXELROD, R ;
HAMILTON, WD .
SCIENCE, 1981, 211 (4489) :1390-1396
[4]  
Axelrod R, 2006, EVOLUTION COOPERATIO
[5]   The evolution of strong reciprocity: cooperation in heterogeneous populations [J].
Bowles, S ;
Gintis, H .
THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY, 2004, 65 (01) :17-28
[6]   The evolution of altruistic punishment [J].
Boyd, R ;
Gintis, H ;
Bowles, S ;
Richerson, PJ .
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2003, 100 (06) :3531-3535
[7]   The logic of reprobation: assessment and action rules for indirect reciprocation [J].
Brandt, H ;
Sigmund, K .
JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY, 2004, 231 (04) :475-486
[8]   Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism [J].
Bshary, Redouan ;
Grutter, Alexandra S. .
NATURE, 2006, 441 (7096) :975-978
[9]   When does "economic man" dominate social behavior? [J].
Camerer, CF ;
Fehr, E .
SCIENCE, 2006, 311 (5757) :47-52
[10]  
Dawkins R., 1976, SELFISH GENE