Exclusive underexpression of vitamin D receptor exon If transcripts in tumors of primary hyperparathyroidism

Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to parathyroid adenomas while uremic secondary HPT (sHPT) is caused by parathyroid hyperplasia in response to renal failure. Active vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(OH)(2)D-3), with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is involved in regulation of the calcium homeostasis together with PTH. In a feedback loop, 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 has a direct action on the parathyroid gland to regulate PTH transcription, PTH secretion and cell proliferation. We have previously demonstrated reduced VDR mRNA expression in parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia of sHPT using a probe detecting all 14 variant VDR transcripts expressed in parathyroid cells. Here we have assessed which of the 5'-terminal exon 1a, 1d and 1f variant VDR transcripts are reduced in pathological parathyroid glands. Methods: The relative VDR/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels for each VDR exon were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in five normal parathyroid glands, seventeen parathyroid adenomas and ten hyperplastic glands of sHPT. Results: The results demonstrated exclusive underexpression of VDR exon If transcripts in parathyroid adenoma, while all measured VDR transcripts were reduced in secondary hyperplasia. Conclusions: We suggest that exclusive underexpression of VDR exon If transcripts in adenomas of pHPT, which derive from a distal promoter active in tissues involved in calcium regulation by 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3, may either reflect a defective cell type-specific transcription factor or other physiologically important pathway(s) for tissue-specific VDR gene expression.