The role of indole and other shikimic acid derived maize volatiles in the attraction of two parasitic wasps

被引:95
作者
D'Alessandro, Marco [1 ]
Held, Matthias [1 ]
Triponez, Yann [1 ]
Turlings, Ted C. J. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, Lab Evolutionary Entomol, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland
关键词
Cotesia marginiventris; Microplitis rufiventris; Spodoptera littoralis; Zea mays; parasitoids; Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs); Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles (HIPVs); host location; associative learning; tritrophic interactions; indole; shikimic acid; glyphosate; induced defenses;
D O I
10.1007/s10886-006-9196-7
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
After herbivore attack, plants release a plethora of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which results in odor blends that are attractive to predators and parasitoids of these herbivores. VOCs in the odor blends emitted by maize plants (Zea mays) infested by lepidopteran larvae are well characterized. They are derived from at least three different biochemical pathways, but the relative importance of each pathway for the production of VOCs that attract parasitic wasps is unknown. Here, we studied the importance of shikimic acid derived VOCs for the attraction of females of the parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris. By incubating caterpillar-infested maize plants in glyphosate, an inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phospate (EPSP) synthase, we obtained induced odor blends with only minute amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs. In olfactometer bioassays, the inhibited plants were as attractive to naive C. marginiventris females as control plants that released normal amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs, whereas naive M. rufiventris females preferred inhibited plants to control plants. By adding back synthetic indole, the quantitatively most important shikimic acid derived VOC in induced maize odors, to inhibited plants, we showed that indole had no effect on the attraction of C. marginiventris and that M. rufiventris preferred blends without synthetic indole. Exposing C. marginiventris females either to odor blends of inhibited or control plants during oviposition experiences shifted their preference in subsequent olfactometer tests in favor of the experienced odor. Further learning experiments with synthetic indole showed that C. marginiventris can learn to respond to this compound, but that this does not affect its choices between natural induced blends with or without indole. We hypothesize that for naive wasps the attractiveness of an herbivore-induced odor blend is reduced due to masking by nonattractive compounds, and that during oviposition experiences in the presence of complex odor blends, parasitoids strongly associate some compounds, whereas others are largely ignored.
引用
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页码:2733 / 2748
页数:16
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