The crystal structure of ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose 6-epimerase: catalysis with a twist

Background: ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose 6-epimerase (AGME) is required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis in most genera of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It catalyzes the interconversion of ADP-D-glycero-D-mannoheptose and ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, a precursor of the seven-carbon sugar L-glycero-D-mannoheptose (heptose). Heptose is an obligatory component of the LPS core domain; its absence results in a truncated LPS structure resulting in susceptibility to hydrophobic antibiotics. Heptose is not found in mammalian cells, thus its biosynthetic pathway in bacteria presents a unique target for the design of novel antimicrobial agents. Results: The structure of AGME, in complex with NADP and the catalytic inhibitor ADP-glucose, has been determined at 2.0 Angstrom resolution by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing methods. AGME is a homopentameric enzyme, which crystallizes with two pentamers in the asymmetric unit. The location of 70 crystallographically independent selenium sites was a key step in the structure determination process. Each monomer comprises two domains: a large N-terminal domain, consisting of a modified seven-stranded Rossmann fold that is associated with NADP binding; and a smaller alpha/beta C-terminal domain involved in substrate binding. Conclusions: The first structure of an LPS core biosynthetic enzyme leads to an understanding of the mechanism of the conversion between ADP-D-glycero-D-mannoheptose and ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose. On the basis of its high structural similarity to UDP-galactose epimerase and the three-dimensional positions of the conserved residues Ser116, Tyr140 ana Lys144, AGME was classified as a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. This study should prove useful in the design of mechanistic and structure-based inhibitors of the AGME catalyzed reaction.