L1 elements, processed pseudogenes and retrogenes in mammalian genomes

被引:49
作者
Ding, Wenyong
Lin, Lin
Cheh, Bing
Dai, Jianwu
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Mol & Dev Biol, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China
[2] Dalian Med Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Dalian, Peoples R China
关键词
L1; elements; processed; pseudogenes; retrogenes;
D O I
10.1080/15216540601034856
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Long interspersed nuclear elements 1 (L1 elements or LINE1) are the most active autonomous retrotransposons in mammalian genomes. In addition to L1 elements themselves, other protein-coding mRNAs can also be reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome through the L1-mediated retrotransposition, leading to the formation of processed pseudogenes (PPs) and retrogenes, both of which are characterized by the lack of introns and the presence of a 3' polyA tract and flanking direct repeats. PPs are unable to encode a functional protein and have accumulated frameshift mutations and premature stop codons during evolution. A few of PPs are transcriptionally active. Retrogenes preserve undisrupted coding frames and are capable of encoding a functional protein that is identical or nearly identical to that of the progenitor gene. There is a significant excess of retrogenes that originate from the X chromosome and are retrotransposed into autosomes, and most of these retrogenes are specially expressed in male germ cells, suggesting the inactivation of X-linked genes during male meiosis provides a strong selection pressure on retrogenes originating from the X chromosome.
引用
收藏
页码:677 / 685
页数:9
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