Effect of cadmium stress on nitrogen metabolism in nodules and roots of soybean plants

The nitrogen metabolism of soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules and roots was studied in plants subjected to two different concentrations (50 and 200 muM) of CdCl(2). Nitrogenase activity was decreased in nodules treated with 200 muM Cd(2+). In 50 muM Cd(2+)-treated plants, NH(4)(+) content showed similar values to controls in nodules, but increased by 55% in roots. However, after treatment with 200 muM Cd(2+), NH(4)(+) levels increased in both tissues. Glutamate (Glu) and protein contents remained unaltered in nodules treated with 50 muM Cd(2+), while at the higher Cd(2+) concentration both were decreased. Nevertheless, polyamine content was increased at the two Cd(2+) concentrations. In roots, Glu, polyamine and protein levels were significantly diminished at 50 and 200 muM CdCl(2). For nitrogen-assimilation enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase activity was moderately increased in nodules and roots following the lower Cd(2+) treatment, though at the higher Cd(2+) concentration root enzyme activity returned to control levels. An impressive increase in enzyme activity was found in nodules. In roots, the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway was decreased at the two Cd(2+) concentrations, though in nodules it was diminished only at 200 muM Cd(2+). No changes in protease activity were found in the two tissues treated with 50 muM Cd(2+). However, at 200 muM Cd(2+), nodule and root protease activities decreased and increased, respectively. These results suggest that, in general, treatment with Cd(2+) affects nitrogen assimilation and metabolism to a greater extent in soybean roots than in nodules.