Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

被引：157

作者：

Abraham, J. ^{[10
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[70
,71
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[54
,57
]}

Ahn, E. J. ^{[87
]}

Allard, D. ^{[28
]}

Allekotte, I. ^{[3
,4
]}

Allen, J. ^{[90
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[79
]}

Ambrosio, M. ^{[49
,50
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[101
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[70
,71
]}

Anticic, T. ^{[23
]}

Anzalone, A. ^{[56
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[49
,50
]}

Arganda, E. ^{[75
]}

Arisaka, K. ^{[95
]}

Arqueros, F. ^{[75
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[3
,4
]}

Assis, P. ^{[70
,71
]}

Aublin, J. ^{[30
,31
]}

Ave, M. ^{[35
,96
]}

Avila, G. ^{[11
,12
]}

Baecker, T. ^{[41
]}

Badagnani, D. ^{[7
,8
]}

Balzer, M. ^{[36
]}

Barber, K. B. ^{[13
]}

Barbosa, A. F. ^{[14
]}

Barroso, S. L. C. ^{[19
]}

Baughman, B. ^{[92
]}

Bauleo, P. ^{[85
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[92
]}

Becker, B. R. ^{[99
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[34
]}

Belletoile, A. ^{[32
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[13
]}

BenZvi, S. ^{[100
]}

Berat, C. ^{[32
]}

Bergmann, T. ^{[36
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[3
,4
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[38
]}

Billoir, P. ^{[30
,31
]}

Blanch-Bigas, O. ^{[30
,31
]}

Blanco, F. ^{[75
]}

Blanco, M. ^{[76
]}

Bleve, C. ^{[47
,48
]}

Bluemer, H. ^{[35
,37
]}

Bohacova, M. ^{[96
]}

Boncioli, D. ^{[1
,2
]}

Bonifazi, C. ^{[22
,30
,31
]}

Bonino, R. ^{[54
,57
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, I-00173 Rome, Italy

[2] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Rome, Italy

[3] UNCuyo, CONICET, CNEA, Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[4] UNCuyo, CONICET, CNEA, Inst Balseiro, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[5] UTN, CONICET, FRBA, Comis Nacl Energia Atom,Ctr Atom Constituyentes, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[6] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Fis, FCEyN, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[7] Univ Nacl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[8] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[9] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[10] Natl Technol Univ, CONICET, CNEA, Fac Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina

[11] Pierre Auger So Observ, Malargue, Argentina

[12] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[13] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[14] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[15] Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[16] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

[17] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil

[18] Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil

[19] Univ Estadual Sudoeste Bahia, Vitoria Da Conquista, BA, Brazil

[20] Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

[21] Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil

[22] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[23] Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Zagreb 10000, Croatia

[24] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[25] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[26] Palacky Univ, CR-77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic

[27] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IPNO, IN2P3, F-91405 Orsay, France

[28] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, Lab AstroParticule & Cosmol, IN2P3, Paris, France

[29] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, LAL, IN2P3, F-91405 Orsay, France

[30] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France

[31] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France

[32] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IN2P3, LPSC,INPG, Grenoble, France

[33] CNRS, IN2P3, SUBATECH, Nantes, France

[34] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

[35] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Kernphys, Karlsruhe, Germany

[36] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, Karlsruhe, Germany

[37] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Expt Kernphys, Karlsruhe, Germany

[38] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-5300 Bonn, Germany

[39] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst A 3, Aachen, Germany

[40] Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

[41] Univ Siegen, Siegen, Germany

[42] Dept Fis Univ, Genoa, Italy

[43] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-16146 Genoa, Italy

[44] Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy

[45] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Milan, Italy

[46] Univ Milan, Milan, Italy

[47] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Fis, Lecce, Italy

[48] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lecce, Italy

[49] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

[50] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Naples, Italy

来源：

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT | 2010年 / 613卷 / 01期

基金：

英国科学技术设施理事会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会; 美国国家科学基金会; 澳大利亚研究理事会;

关键词：

Ultra high energy cosmic rays; Auger Observatory; Extensive air showers; Trigger; Exposure; AIR-SHOWERS; PARTICLES;

D O I：

10.1016/j.nima.2009.11.018

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above 3 x 10(18) eV, for all zenith angles between 0 degrees and 60 degrees, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：29 / 39

页数：11

共 24 条

[1] Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4x1019 eV [J].

Abraham, J. ;

Abreu, P. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Aguirre, C. ;

Allard, D. ;

Allekotte, I. ;

Allen, J. ;

Allison, P. ;

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ;

Ambrosio, M. ;

Anchordoqui, L. ;

Andringa, S. ;

Anzalone, A. ;

Aramo, C. ;

Argiro, S. ;

Arisaka, K. ;

Armengaud, E. ;

Arneodo, F. ;

Arqueros, F. ;

Asch, T. ;

Asorey, H. ;

Assis, P. ;

Atulugama, B. S. ;

Aublin, J. ;

Ave, M. ;

Avila, G. ;

Backer, T. ;

Badagnani, D. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Barnhill, D. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Baughman, B. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Beau, T. ;

Becker, B. R. ;

Becker, K. H. ;

Bellido, J. A. ;

BenZvi, S. ;

Berat, C. ;

Bergmann, T. ;

Bernardini, P. ;

Bertou, X. ;

Biermann, P. L. ;

Billoir, P. ;

Blanch-Bigas, O. ;

Blanco, F. ;

Blasi, P. ;

Bleve, C. ;

Mer, H. Blu .

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 2008, 101 (06)

[2] Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Abraham, J ;

Aglietta, M ;

Aguirre, IC ;

Albrow, M ;

Allard, D ;

Allekotte, I ;

Allison, P ;

Muñiz, JA ;

do Amaral, MG ;

Ambrosio, M ;

Anchordoqui, L ;

Andrews, R ;

Anguiano, M ;

dos Anjos, JC ;

Aramo, C ;

Argiro, S ;

Ariska, K ;

Arteaga, JC ;

Atulugama, S ;

Ave, M ;

Avila, G ;

Baggio, R ;

Bai, X ;

Barbosa, AF ;

Barbosa, HMJ ;

Barnhill, D ;

Barroso, SLC ;

Bauleo, P ;

Beatty, J ;

Beau, T ;

Becker, KH ;

Bellido, JA ;

Bello, P ;

Bergmann, T ;

Berman, E ;

Bertou, X ;

Biermann, P ;

Billoir, P ;

Biral, R ;

Bluemer, H ;

Bohacova, M ;

Bollmann, E ;

Bonifazi, C ;

Boratav, M ;

Boselli, A ;

Brack, J ;

Brunet, JM ;

Bui-Duc, H ;

Cabrera, V ;

Camin, DV .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2004, 523 (1-2) :50-95

[3] GEANT4-a simulation toolkit [J].

Agostinelli, S ;

Allison, J ;

Amako, K ;

Apostolakis, J ;

Araujo, H ;

Arce, P ;

Asai, M ;

Axen, D ;

Banerjee, S ;

Barrand, G ;

Behner, F ;

Bellagamba, L ;

Boudreau, J ;

Broglia, L ;

Brunengo, A ;

Burkhardt, H ;

Chauvie, S ;

Chuma, J ;

Chytracek, R ;

Cooperman, G ;

Cosmo, G ;

Degtyarenko, P ;

Dell'Acqua, A ;

Depaola, G ;

Dietrich, D ;

Enami, R ;

Feliciello, A ;

Ferguson, C ;

Fesefeldt, H ;

Folger, G ;

Foppiano, F ;

Forti, A ;

Garelli, S ;

Giani, S ;

Giannitrapani, R ;

Gibin, D ;

Cadenas, JJG ;

González, I ;

Abril, GG ;

Greeniaus, G ;

Greiner, W ;

Grichine, V ;

Grossheim, A ;

Guatelli, S ;

Gumplinger, P ;

Hamatsu, R ;

Hashimoto, K ;

Hasui, H ;

Heikkinen, A ;

Howard, A .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2003, 506 (03) :250-303

[4] The surface detector system of the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Allekotte, I. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Civit, B. ;

Escobar, C. O. ;

Garcia, B. ;

Guedes, G. ;

Berisso, M. Gomez ;

Harton, J. L. ;

Healy, M. ;

Kaducak, M. ;

Mantsch, P. ;

Mazur, P. O. ;

Newman-Holmes, C. ;

Pepe, I. ;

Rodriguez-Cabo, I. ;

Salazar, H. ;

Grande, N. Smetniansky-De ;

Warner, D. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 586 (03) :409-420

[5]

[Anonymous], 2006, IEEE T NUCL SCI

[6] The offline software framework of the Pierre auger observatory [J].

Argiro, S. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Gonzalez, J. ;

Nellen, L. ;

Paul, T. ;

Porter, T. A. ;

Prado, L., Jr. ;

Roth, M. ;

Ulrich, R. ;

Veberic, D. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2007, 580 (03) :1485-1496

[7] The accuracy of signal measurement with the water Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Ave, M. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Castellinac, A. ;

Chou, A. ;

Harton, J. L. ;

Knapik, R. ;

Navarra, G. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2007, 578 (01) :180-184

[8] Hadronic models for cosmic ray physics:: the FLUKA code [J].

Battistoni, G. ;

Cerutti, F. ;

Empl, A. ;

Fasso, A. ;

Ferrari, A. ;

Gadioli, E. ;

Garzelli, M. V. ;

Muraro, S. ;

Pelliccioni, M. ;

Pinsky, L. S. ;

Ranft, J. ;

Roesler, S. ;

Sala, P. R. ;

Villari, R. .

NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS, 2008, 175 :88-95

[9]

BAULEO P, 2006, P 29 ICRC TAT I FUND, V7, P291

[10] Calibration of the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Bertou, X. ;

Allison, P. S. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Grunfeld, C. M. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Arneodo, F. ;

Barnhill, D. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Busca, N. G. ;

Creusot, A. ;

Dornic, D. ;

Etchegoyen, A. ;

Filevitch, A. ;

Ghia, P. L. ;

Lhenry-Yvon, I. ;

Medina, M. C. ;

Moreno, E. ;

Nitz, D. ;

Ohnuki, T. ;

Ranchon, S. ;

Salazar, H. ;

Suomijarvi, T. ;

Supanitsky, D. ;

Tripathi, A. ;

Urban, M. ;

Villasenor, L. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2006, 568 (02) :839-846

← 1 2 3 →