Force, torque, and stress relaxation with direct laryngoscopy

The anesthetist exerts axial force on the laryngoscope handle to expose the glottis. The anesthetist must also apply a perpendicular force to balance the torque on the laryngoscope. Several studies have measured axial force during direct laryngoscopy, but none has measured torque. This study used a newly designed laryngoscope handle to measure force and torque simultaneously during direct laryngoscopy of ASA grade I and II patients requiring general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation for elective surgery. In 58 patients, peak force averaged 38 +/- 2 newtons. Peak torque averaged 4 +/- 0.2 newton-meters, and I-he perpendicular force was estimated as 40 +/- 2 newtons. The peak torque that can be balanced by the wrist is approximately 6 newton-meters, suggesting that torque may be a limiting factor for laryngoscopy in some situations. Peak force and torque demonstrated stress relaxation, a viscous property of biologic tissues. Force and torque decreased monoexponentially to approximately 70% of peak values with a half-time of 4 +/- 0.3 s. The phenomenon occurred in spite of administration of muscle relaxants, and was probably due to stress relaxation of pharyngeal tissues that are passively stretched during laryngoscopy.