Electrochemical micromachining of controlled topographies on titanium for biological applications

Well defined three-dimensional structures on titanium were fabricated by electrochemical micromachining. An optimum electrolyte composition and electrochemical parameters were determined for obtaining controlled cavity shapes and a smooth surface finish. Using a methanol based electrolyte, mass transport controlled dissolution conditions were identified and subsequently applied to the fabrication of arrays of hemispherical cavities 30 mu m in diameter. The results of the present study demonstrate the feasibility of using through-mask electrochemical etching for producing high-precision topographies on titanium.