The descent of the antibody-based immune system by gradual evolution

被引:36
作者
Klein, J [1 ]
Nikolaidis, N
机构
[1] Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA
[2] Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, University Pk, PA 16802 USA
关键词
gnathostomes; agnathans; immunoglobulin; lymphocyte; thymus;
D O I
10.1073/pnas.0408480102
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The antibody-based immune system (AIS) is one of many means by which organisms protect themselves against pathogens and parasites. The AIS is present in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) but absent in all other taxa, including jawless vertebrates (agnathans). We argue that the AIS has been assembled from elements that have primarily evolved to serve other functions and incorporated existing molecular cascades, resulting in the appearance of new organs and new types of cells. Some molecules serving other functions have been appropriated by the AIS, whereas others have been modified to serve new functions, either after the duplication of their encoding genes or through the acquisition of an additional function without gene duplication. A few molecules may have been created de novo. The deployment and integration of the ready-made elements gives the impression of a sudden origin of the AIS. In reality, however, the AIS is an example of an organ system that has evolved gradually through a series of small steps over an extended period.
引用
收藏
页码:169 / 174
页数:6
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