MAC mode atomic force microscopy studies of living samples, ranging from cells to fresh tissue

Magnetic AC mode (MAC mode) atomic force microscopy (AFM), a novel type of tapping mode AFM in which the cantilever is driven directly by a magnetic field, is a powerful tool for imaging with high spatial resolution and better signal-to-noise in liquid environment. It may largely extend the application of AFM to living samples, especially those are sensitive to cantilever forces, even to multilayer tissue samples. However, there are few reports on the imaging of living cells by MAC mode AFM previously. In our present study, we explore the optimal imaging conditions of MAC mode AFM on living astrocytes and fresh arterial intima surface. We also used nude tips for PicoTREC panel (i.e., Aux in BNC, a new data collecting channel) to image living samples and discussed its difference with phase imaging. We show that living biological samples can be imaged by MAC mode AFM at details of comparable resolution as those by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the combination of height, amplitude, phase and TREC panel signals provide abundant informations for the characteristics of living samples, such as topography, profile, stiffness and adhesion. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.