Freezing-induced strains and pressures in wet porous materials and especially in concrete mortars

A theory based on thermodynamics will be presented by which the pressure in the pore structure of wet porous materials can be deduced during freezing. The pore structure is partly filled with liquid and inert gases such as air. The theory is based solely on thermodynamic relationships; no knowledge of the real geometry of the pore system or the degree of liquid filling in the void space is needed. The only inputs needed in the theory are relative humidity and temperature measured in the sample chamber during the freezing. The validity of the theory will be compared with the test results of mortar samples frozen and thawed in a low temperatures calorimeter. During the cooling from 20 to -70 degrees C and subsequent heating of the sample, the strains, heat capacity, and ice evolution of the samples were measured simultaneously in the calorimeter. Two of the three mortar samples were produced using an air-entraining admixture. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.