Five new genome types of adenovirus type 37 caused epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan, for more than 10 years

Human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-37) is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and has recently been the largest causative agent of keratoconjunctivitis in Japan. To investigate the genetic characteristics of HAdV-37 strains isolated in Sapporo, we analyzed the genome types and genetic relationships of 51 strains isolated there from 1990 through 2001. By using DNA restriction analysis, eight genome types (HAdV-37/D1, HAdV-37/D3, and HAdV-37/D6 to HAdV-37/D11) were identified, including five new ones. The restriction fragments of these genome types shared more than 95% identity with those of the prototype strain. By DNA sequence analysis, five and three single nucleotide substitutions, respectively, were found in partial sequences of the hexon and fiber genes. The combinations of mutations resulted in four hexon and fiber types (hx1 to hx4 and f1 to f4) and six hexon/fiber pairs (hx1/f1, hx2/n, hx1/f2, hx2/f3, hx3/f4, and hx4/f4). The six pairs correlated well with certain genome types. In all three epidemics of keratoconjunctivitis to strike Sapporo in the past 12 years, specific genome types and fiber types were usually isolated: in the first epidemic, HAdV-37/D1 (f1) and HAdV-37/D3 (f1); in the second, HAdV-37/D6 (f2) and HAdV-37/D8 (f3); and in the third, HAdV-37/D10 (M) and HAdV-37/D11 (M). We conclude that mutations in the adenovirus genome occurred chronologically and that certain mutations were correlated with the epidemics of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.