Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife

被引:189
作者
Johnson, Pieter T. J. [1 ]
Townsend, Alan R. [1 ,2 ]
Cleveland, Cory C. [3 ]
Glibert, Patricia M. [4 ]
Howarth, Robert W. [5 ]
McKenzie, Valerie J. [1 ]
Rejmankova, Eliska [6 ]
Ward, Mary H. [7 ]
机构
[1] Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
[2] Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
[3] Univ Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
[4] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA
[5] Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
[6] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[7] NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
dead zones; eutryphication; global change; harmful algal blooms (HABs); host-parasite interaction; human health; nitrogen; zoonotic disease; BLACK BAND DISEASE; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; CULEX-RESTUANS DIPTERA; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; BROWN-TIDE; LAND-USE; AMPHIBIAN MALFORMATIONS; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; EUTROPHICATION; ECOSYSTEMS;
D O I
10.1890/08-0633.1
中图分类号
Q14 [生态学(生物生态学)];
学科分类号
071012 ; 0713 ;
摘要
Worldwide increases in human and wildlife diseases have challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale environmental changes affect host-parasite interactions. One of the most profound changes to Earth's ecosystems is the alteration of global nutrient cycles, including those of phosphorus (P) and especially nitrogen (N). Along with the obvious direct benefits of nutrient application for food production, anthropogenic inputs of N and P can indirectly affect the abundance of infectious, and noninfectious pathogens. The mechanisms underpinning observed correlations, however, and how such patterns vary with disease type, have long remained conjectural. Here, we highlight recent experimental advances to critically evaluate the relationship between environmental nutrient enrichment and disease. Given the interrelated nature of human and wildlife disease emergence. we include a broad range of human and wildlife examples from terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. We examine the consequences of nutrient pollution on directly transmitted, vector-borne, complex life cycle, and noninfectious pathogens, including West Nile virus, malaria, harmful algal blooms, coral reef diseases, and amphibian malformations. Our synthetic examination suggests that the effects of environmental nutrient enrichment on disease are complex and multifaceted, varying with the type of pathogen, host species and condition, attributes of the ecosystem, and the degree of enrichment: some pathogens increase in abundance whereas others decline or disappear. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates that ecological changes associated with nutrient enrichment often exacerbate infection and disease caused by generalist parasites with direct or simple life cycles. Observed mechanisms include changes in host/vector density, host distribution, infection resistance, pathogen virulence or toxicity, and the direct supplementation of pathogens. Collectively, these pathogens may be particularly dangerous because they can continue to cause mortality even as their hosts decline, potentially leading to sustained epidemics or chronic pathology. We suggest that interactions between nutrient enrichment and disease will become increasingly important in tropical and subtropical regions, where forecasted increases in nutrient application will occur in an environmental rich with infections pathogens. We emphasize the importance of careful disease management in conjunction with continued intensification of global nutrient cycles.
引用
收藏
页码:16 / 29
页数:14
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