Sequence and structure patterns in proteins from an analysis of the shortest helices: Implications for helix nucleation

The shortest helices (three-length 3(10) and four-length alpha, most abundant among helices of different lengths, have been analyzed from a database of protein structures. A characteristic feature of three-length 3(10)-helices is the shifted backbone conformation for the C-terminal residue angles: - 95degrees,0degrees), compared to the rest of the helix (- 62degrees, - 24degrees). The deviation can be attributed to the release of electrostatic repulsion between the carbonyl oxygen atoms at the two C-terminal residues and further stabilization (due to a more linear geometry) of an intrahelical hydrogen bond. A consequence of this non-canonical C-terminal backbone conformation can be a potential origin of helix kinks when a 3(10)-helix is sequence-contiguous at the a-helix N-terminal. An analysis of hydrogen bonding, as well as hydrophobic interactions in the shortest helices shows that capping interactions, some of them not observed for longer helices, dominate at the N termini. Further, consideration of the distribution of amino acid residues indicates that the shortest helices resemble the N-terminal end of a-helices rather than the C terminus, implying that the folding of helices may be initiated at the N-terminal end, which does not get propagated in the case of the shortest helices. Finally, pairwise comparison of beta-turns and the shortest helices, based on correlation matrices of site-specific amino acid composition, and the relative abundance of these short secondary structural elements, leads to a helix nucleation scheme that considers the formation of an isolated beta-turn (and not an a-turn) as the helix nucleation step, with shortest 3(10)-helices as intermediates between the shortest alpha-helix and the beta-turn. Our results ascribe an important role played by shortest 3(10)-helices in proteins with important structural and folding implications. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.