The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats

被引：1187

作者：

Coll, Marta ^{[1
,2
]}

Piroddi, Chiara ^{[3
]}

Steenbeek, Jeroen ^{[3
]}

Kaschner, Kristin ^{[4
]}

Lasram, Frida Ben Rais ^{[5
,6
]}

Aguzzi, Jacopo ^{[1
]}

Ballesteros, Enric ^{[7
]}

Bianchi, Carlo Nike ^{[8
]}

Corbera, Jordi ^{[9
]}

Dailianis, Thanos ^{[10
,11
]}

Danovaro, Roberto ^{[12
]}

Estrada, Marta ^{[1
]}

Froglia, Carlo ^{[13
]}

Galil, Bella S. ^{[14
]}

Gasol, Josep M. ^{[1
]}

Gertwagen, Ruthy ^{[15
,16
]}

Gil, Joao ^{[7
]}

Guilhaumon, Francois ^{[5
]}

Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen ^{[17
]}

Kitsos, Miltiadis-Spyridon ^{[10
]}

Koukouras, Athanasios ^{[10
]}

Lampadariou, Nikolaos ^{[18
]}

Laxamana, Elijah ^{[17
]}

Lopez-Fe de la Cuadra, Carlos M. ^{[19
]}

Lotze, Heike K. ^{[2
]}

Martin, Daniel ^{[7
]}

Mouillot, David ^{[5
]}

Oro, Daniel ^{[20
]}

Raicevich, Sasa ^{[21
]}

Rius-Barile, Josephine ^{[17
]}

Ignacio Saiz-Salinas, Jose ^{[22
]}

San Vicente, Carles ^{[23
]}

Somot, Samuel ^{[24
]}

Templado, Jose ^{[25
]}

Turon, Xavier ^{[7
]}

Vafidis, Dimitris ^{[26
]}

Villanueva, Roger ^{[1
]}

Voultsiadou, Eleni ^{[10
]}

机构：

[1] Sci Spanish Council ICM CSIC, Inst Ciencias Mar, Barcelona, Spain

[2] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS, Canada

[3] Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Aquat Ecosyst Res Lab, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada

[4] Univ Freiburg, Evolutionary Biol & Ecol Lab, Freiburg, Germany

[5] Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Ecosyst Lagunaires UMR 5119, Montpellier, France

[6] Inst Natl Agron Tunisie, Lab Ecosyst & Ressources Aquat UR03AGRO1, Tunis, Tunisia

[7] Sci Spanish Council CEAB CSIC, Ctr Estudis Avancats Blanes, Blanes, Spain

[8] Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Studio Terr & Sue Risorse, Genoa, Italy

[9] Carrer Gran, Argentona, Spain

[10] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Zool, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

[11] Inst Marine Biol & Genet, Hellen Ctr Marine Res, Iraklion, Greece

[12] Polytech Univ Marche, Dipartimento Sci Mare, Ancona, Italy

[13] CNR, Ist Sci Marine, Ancona, Italy

[14] Natl Inst Oceanog, IL-31080 Haifa, Israel

[15] Univ Haifa, IL-31999 Haifa, Israel

[16] Oranim Acad Coll, Haifa, Israel

[17] WorldFish Ctr, Philippine Off, Los Banos, Philippines

[18] Hellen Ctr Marine Res, Inst Oceanog, Iraklion, Greece

[19] Univ Seville, Dept Fisiol & Zool, Lab Biol Marina, Seville, Spain

[20] Sci Spanish Council IMEDEA CSIC, Mediterranean Inst Adv Studies, Esporles, Spain

[21] Ist Super Ric & Protez Ambientale, Chioggia, Italy

[22] Univ Basque Country, Dept Zool, Bilbao, Spain

[23] Carrer Nou, Creixell, Spain

[24] Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Toulouse, France

[25] CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Sci Spanish Council, E-28006 Madrid, Spain

[26] Univ Thessaly, Dept Ichthyol & Aquat Environm, Nea Ionia, Greece

来源：

PLOS ONE | 2010年 / 5卷 / 08期

关键词：

SMALL PELAGIC FISH; BEAKED COMMON DOLPHINS; LONG-TERM CHANGES; DEEP-SEA; AEGEAN SEA; ADRIATIC SEA; MARINE-INVERTEBRATES; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MONACHUS-MONACHUS; SPECIES-DIVERSITY;

D O I：

10.1371/journal.pone.0011842

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this marine ecosystem and to revise and update several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and identified major changes and threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 marine species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. However, our estimates of marine diversity are still incomplete as yet-undescribed species will be added in the future. Diversity for microbes is substantially underestimated, and the deep-sea areas and portions of the southern and eastern region are still poorly known. In addition, the invasion of alien species is a crucial factor that will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean, mainly in its eastern basin that can spread rapidly northwards and westwards due to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea. Spatial patterns showed a general decrease in biodiversity from northwestern to southeastern regions following a gradient of production, with some exceptions and caution due to gaps in our knowledge of the biota along the southern and eastern rims. Biodiversity was also generally higher in coastal areas and continental shelves, and decreases with depth. Temporal trends indicated that overexploitation and habitat loss have been the main human drivers of historical changes in biodiversity. At present, habitat loss and degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, and the establishment of alien species are the most important threats and affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. All these impacts are expected to grow in importance in the future, especially climate change and habitat degradation. The spatial identification of hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves (and in particular, the Strait of Gibraltar and the adjacent Alboran Sea), western African coast, the Adriatic, and the Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. The Levantine Basin, severely impacted by the invasion of species, is endangered as well.

引用

页数：36

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