Aqueous levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Aims To investigate the relationship of aqueous macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels with the clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy. Methods We assayed MIF and MCP-1 levels in aqueous humour samples obtained from 40 diabetic patients (49 eyes) and 24 non-diabetic patients (31 eyes) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to the clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy, the diabetic patients were classified into non-diabetic retinopathy (11 eyes), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (14 eyes) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (24 eyes). Results The aqueous levels of MIF (mean+/-SD) were 6.34+/-4.53 ng/ml in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 3.22+/-1.71 ng/ml in non proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 1.25+/-0.96 ng/ml in non-diabetic retinopathy and 1.07+/-0.94 ng/ml in non-diabetic patients. Significant differences were found among these four groups (P<0.0001). Aqueous MCP-1 levels were 1668.6 +/- 1442.3 pg/ml in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 1528.6 +/- 1994.6 pg/ml in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 690.2 +/- 402.1 pg/ml in non-diabetic retinopathy and 622.7 +/- 245.3 pg/ml in non-diabetic patients. Significant differences were also found among these four groups (P<0.0001). After correcting for total aqueous protein, the ratios of MIF and MCP-1 to total protein remained significantly correlated with the clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy (P<0.0001, P=0.0004, respectively). The ratios of MIF to total protein significantly correlated with the ratios of MCP-1 to total protein in diabetic patients (r=0.680, P<0.0001). Conclusions Aqueous MIF levels significantly correlated with aqueous MCP-1 levels and the clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy. The results suggest that MIF has a co-operative role with MCP-1 in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.