Bulk models of the sheared convective boundary layer: Evaluation through large eddy simulations

A set of first-order model (FOM) equations, describing the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) evolution, is derived. The model output is compared with predictions of the zero-order bulk model (ZOM) for the same CBL type. Large eddy simulation (LES) data are employed to test both models. The results show an advantage of the FOM over the ZOM in the prediction of entrainment, but in many CBL cases, the predictions by the two models are fairly close. Despite its relative simplicity, the ZOM is able to quantify the effects of shear production and dissipation in an integral sense-as long as the constants describing the integral dissipation of shear- and buoyancy-produced turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) are prescribed appropriately and the shear is weak enough that the denominator of the ZOM entrainment equation does not approach zero, causing a numerical instability in the solutions. Overall, the FOM better predicts the entrainment rate due to its ability to avoid this instability. Also, the FOM in a more physically consistent manner reproduces the sheared CBL entrainment zone, whose depth is controlled by a balance among shear generation, buoyancy consumption, and dissipation of TKE. Such balance is manifested by nearly constant values of Richardson numbers observed in the entrainment zone of simulated sheared CBLs. Conducted model tests support the conclusion that the surface shear generation of TKE and its corresponding dissipation, as well as the nonstationary terms, can be omitted from the integral TKE balance equation.